Caloric and spin transport profile of Fermi-Hubbard systems

An open one-dimensional Fermi-Hubbard optical lattice exposed to external electromagnetic fields is investigated using the grand canonical ensemble formalism. As the system was reduced to a dimer, the eigenstates were determined using the exact diagonalization method while tuning the two-particle interactions of the lattice, a varying chemical potential, and applied external electromagnetic fields. Entropy and heat capacity gradients exist due to the interaction of the system with the external magnetic and electric fields, also known as magnetocaloric and electrocaloric effects, respectively.