Quantum heat engine and refrigeration processes and magnetoelectric effects in the open half-filled particle-hole symmetric Fermi-Hubbard dimer

Particle-hole symmetry is a fundamental feature among bipartite systems in simulating strongly correlated materials. In this letter, numerical simulations are used to describe the magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, and magnetoelectric profiles of the open half-filled Fermi-Hubbard dimer with particle-hole symmetry. Through temperature-dependent plots and response function behaviors, it is shown that quantum Carnot cycles can be simulated in the neighborhood of external electromagnetic fields where quantum level crossings occur. Furthermore, the peaks of magnetic and electric susceptibilities span smaller domains when the particle-hole symmetry is in effect.