Quantum Carnot heat engine with an effective external electric field perturbation

The classical approach to heat engines is not enough to study devices in the atomic scale as it utilizes spin-systems as working substances whose behavior is dictated by quantum mechanics. We constructed a quantum heat engine that follows the Carnot cycle with two reversible isothermal and isomagnetic processes in contact with heat baths of two different temperatures, based on the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick (LMG) model. The engine runs between two magnetic fields with one kept constant and the other magnetic field varied.